Sources & Citations

Behind the Meter AI Power

13 primary sources 6 categories We publish the receipts

Federal grid & queue data

LBNL · RMI

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ‘Queued Up’ 2024 interconnection report — 2,600+ GW in U.S. queues, 5-year median wait that drives the behind-the-meter case.

LBNL — Queued Up 2024 interconnection report View source

RMI 2024 interconnection queue analysis — independent corroboration of LBNL queue data plus policy reform framing.

RMI — Queued Up 2024 Edition analysis View source

FERC regulatory orders

FERC

FERC November 2024 order rejecting amended ISA for Amazon-Talen co-located load — establishes the regulatory precedent governing co-located generation+load arrangements.

FERC — November 2024 order on Amazon-Talen co-located load View source

Permitting & nuclear regulatory

EPA · NRC

EPA Title V Operating Permits program — air-emissions permitting baseline for behind-the-meter natural gas generation.

EPA — Title V Operating Permits View source

Nuclear Regulatory Commission Small Modular Reactor program — federal regulatory framework for the nuclear behind-the-meter path.

NRC — Small Modular Reactor program View source

Hyperscaler precedent reporting

Reuters · Google

Reuters September 2024 reporting on Constellation’s Three Mile Island restart for Microsoft AI data centers.

Reuters — Constellation Three Mile Island restart for Microsoft (Sept 2024) View source

Reuters March 2024 reporting on Amazon Web Services’ $650 million purchase of Talen Energy data center campus.

Reuters — AWS buys data center campus from Talen Energy (March 2024) View source

Google’s October 2024 announcement of small modular reactor agreement with Kairos Power.

Google — Kairos Power nuclear energy agreement announcement (Oct 2024) View source

Cost & power demand forecasting

Lazard · Goldman · IEA

Lazard 2024 Levelized Cost of Energy report — published cost curves used as the BTM-vs-retail benchmark.

Lazard — Levelized Cost of Energy+ 2024 View source

Goldman Sachs Research projection on AI-driven data center power demand growth.

Goldman Sachs Research — AI poised to drive 160% increase in power demand View source

IEA Electricity 2026 outlook on power demand from data centers and AI.

IEA — Electricity 2026 View source

Independent technical reporting

IEEE · Uptime

IEEE Spectrum 2025 modular data center coverage — independent technical reporting on co-located generation+compute architectures.

IEEE Spectrum — AI Data Center reporting View source

Uptime Institute Global Data Center Survey 2024 — operator practice baseline.

Uptime Institute Global Data Center Survey 2024 View source

These are the primary sources behind our research. Have a better one, or spot an error? Tell us — we’ll correct it.